Animal Testing Controversy essays

Animal Testing Controversy essays To Test or Not To Test, That Is the Question: Is Animal Research Beneficial To Medicine? Animal research has always been a debated topic that we may never resolve. It is easy to show incidences in the past, usually dating back at least 50 years, that animal testing has been beneficial, but it is also easily argued that testing on animal has been outdated by more up to date testing methods. In this essay, I plan on describing and dissecting two articles arguing each side of the argument, then I plan on giving my own opinion that I have come to after reading these articles. The first article is called Animal Research Is Wasteful and Misleading by Neal D. Barnard and Stephen R. Kaufman. Just by the title, the reader knows that this article is arguing against animal testing. The main arguments the authors use are: Animal tests are not applicable to medicine, better methods have been found, and lastly, animal testing is used as a rhetorical device. They first describe to the reader that animal tests are not applicable to medicine by pointing out several cases in which animals were tested for different carcinogens and medicines that would have one outcome for the animal, whether it be favorable or unfavorable, and would have a completely different outcome biologically in the humans it was being tested for. Most of these tests came with very dangerous results, human fatalities or even worse medical conditions for the patients, from these faulty results. The reasons for these wrong results could have come from several different causes. One of the causes pointed out in the article is that some of these medicines were being tested on animals that were perfectly healthy and the researchers would have to induce the medical conditions that were shown by their human counterparts. This would mean that the condition wouldnt have the time to slowly debilitate the body that was being affected by this condition. The second ...

English Literature Coursework

English Literature Coursework English Literature Coursework English literature is full of wonders and interesting facts. If you choose to work on this topic, you will have to work hard, but it will not leave you indifferent. The fact that it is an important step is based on the figures - English literature coursework makes 30% of the grade which a student receives for the course on English literature. Writing English literature coursework means to work hard on the class assignments, certain materials, topics, describing the main genres, styles and other aspects. To write an excellent English literature coursework you should: think critically to provide a good analysis; make a composition logical and in accordance to format requirements; find such an approach to the study which requires critical thinking skills. You may use following tips for English literature coursework: You will work on the paper faster and more efficiently if you choose a topic which is interesting for you. When you must find information for your English literature coursework, it means I will do it tomorrow and Why do I have a low grade?. But when you want to find more facts and information, it is only Yes, I have done it!. Next point which you will never forget is deadline. You must write and hand in your English literature coursework by the specified time, otherwise, your grade will be shared on as many pieces as many faults you have done during writing. Your schedule of writing on the paper should be based on your own preferences and energy. To do everything to write a coursework does not mean to do anything 3 months and then to write a whole paper overnight. No, you can work at night or in the morning, you can write in the bus or in the caf, you can ask for an advice from a passerby or think out a special offer do everything that makes sense and you will do a step on the right way. Do not ignore your class notes; maybe the instructor has given certain rules or hints which will be useful for you in the process of writing. And be attentive while editing it is also an important stage in the writing process, for a student does not give attention to the parts he or she counts perfect. Do not overestimate yourself. Do not be afraid of speaking with your advisor it can be a good choice, especially if you do not know how to start your work or choose the topic. Advantages and disadvantages of the writing English literature coursework can be thought out by you, but you can make your paper excellent. Do it! If you cannot trust yourself in dealing with time, literature material or original thought, you can always ask us for professional help with English coursework writing: Relatedposts: Sample Papers Report Writing Help Process Analysis Case Study Merchant of Venice Critical Essay Little Prince Reaction Paper

Dependant Pesonality Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dependant Pesonality Disorders - Essay Example (DPD2006) DPD involves a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissiveness, clinging, and fears of separation. Its primary diagnostic criteria include extreme difficulty making decisions without others' input, need for others to assume responsibility for most aspects of daily life, extreme difficulty disagreeing with others, inability to initiate projects due to lack of self-confidence, and going to excessive lengths to obtain the approval of others. An individual with DPD always seeks a relationship, in which he or she clings to this relationship in very dependent manner and goes to the utmost extent to keep both the ends meet. This disorder includes abnormally high levels of the neuroticism facets of anxiousness, self-consciousness, and vulnerability following dependent individuals desperately seeks another relationship as soon as one ends (i.e. dependent persons are high in extraversion). Excessively dependent behavior may be seen in persons who have developed debilitating mental and physical conditions, such as agoraphobia, schizophrenia, severe injuries, or dementia. However, a diagnosis of DPD requires the presence of the dependent traits since late childhood or adolescence. One can diagnose the presence of a personality disorder at any age during a person's lifetime, but if (for example) a DPD diagnosis is given to a person at the age of 75, this presumes that the dependent behavior was evident since the age of approximately 18 (i.e., predates the onset of a co morbid mental or physical disorder). Differences in personality due to differing cultural norms should not be confused with the presence of a personality disorder. Cultural groups differ greatly in the degree of importance attached to deferent behavior, politeness, and passivity. The diagnosis of DPD requires that the dependent behavior result in clinically significant functional impairment or distress. Etiology and Pathology Insecure interpersonal attachment is central to the etiology and pathology of DPD. Insecure attachment and helplessness may be generated through a parent-child relationship, perhaps by a clinging parent or a continued infantilization during a time in which individuation and separation normally occurs. However, the combination of an anxious and/or inhibited temperament with inconsistent or overprotective parenting may also generate or exacerbate dependent personality traits (Maddux, 2005, p. 219). Unable to generate feelings of security and confidence for themselves, dependent persons may rely on a parental figure or significant other for constant reassurance of their worth. Eventually, persons with DPD may come to believe that their self-worth is defined by their importance to another person. Five-Factor Model Reformulation DPD is characterized by maladaptively high levels of agreeableness and the neuroticism facets of anxiousness, self-consciousness, and vulnerability. Persons with DPD

Homosexuality as a Theological Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homosexuality as a Theological Issue - Essay Example Christians find themselves at the center of this wave, as people look up to them for guidance on the stand they are supposed to take. The commonality of this in theology particularly, is that people need to know Christian’s stand in this homosexuality issue. As such, different theologians have written different articles expressing their ideas on the homosexuality as a social issue. In my analysis in this essay, I will put into consideration three author’s writings, and their reasoning about homosexuality. A concise summary of each of these theological reasoning will form the basis of their comparison and contrast. Conclusively, I will draw personalized ideas and thoughts on the homosexuality issue. Koranteng-Pipim, in his article, â€Å"Three Conflicting Views on Homosexuality† seeks to find the church’s stand on homosexuality. The biggest issue is whether they should accept or reject these individuals whenever they join their congregation. Both stands hav e their unique ethical consequences. However, he singles out the case of seventh day adventurist church, which has assumed three approaches to homosexuality (Koranteng-Pipim 1). Despite the fact that the church in past has assumed a non-acceptance stand on this issue, the recent rise of pro-homosexual groups continue to amount the church on assuming a full-acceptance approach to these people. However, he notes that some segments within contemporary Adventism are moving towards the qualified-acceptance view in addressing homosexuality. Koranteng-Pipim argues that although these other views have emerged, the non-acceptance view remains the official position of the Seventh-day Adventist church (Koranteng-Pipim 2). Different tenets support these divergence views. The basic tenets in support of these views include the nature of homosexuality, morality of homosexuality, way out of homosexuality and response to homosexuality. The non-acceptance view holds that homosexuality is a distortion of human sexuality, it is sinful and sinful, and that God has the capability of changing any situation (Koranteng-Pipim 6). In their arguments though, those advocating for full acceptance have to agree to being born again and thus fully assimilated in the church. In his article, â€Å"Homosexuality and Christian Faith: A Theological Reflection† Jennings points out that homosexuals and homosexuality is one of the major importance deliberations of denominational bodies. This issue has drawn different feelings among the proponents and opponents of homosexuality issue. On one side are the supporters of the traditional sexuality; while on the other hand is the group in support of the emerging trends in sexuality (Jennings 137). However, he observes that theological reflection has conspicuously been missing from this conservative-liberal confrontation. He observes that people hold many biases in the issue of homosexuality in the society. He however does not propose a theology of h omosexuality, but proposes how fundamental principles of Christian theology illuminate this question or complex of issues. He looks at different principles of theology, such as one by Karl Barth, which proposes that that Christian faith goes along with the gracious God, who is the Supreme Being (Jennings 137). The supreme intention is to justify, save and redeem humanity, but not on the basis of a discrimination between better and worse persons but solely on the basis of God’s own gracious election. He argues that in case of a violation of this theological principle, it places in human hands the capacity to implement our own salvation. The second principle as he points out is the universality

Drug Use in Sports Essay Example for Free

Drug Use in Sports Essay In the article William Moller blames discusses Alex Rodriguez and other athlete’s performance enhancing drug use. He compared the harsh pressure that is forced upon athletes to his own experience in high school that led him to try illegal substances. He stated â€Å"I did what I felt was needed to do, to accomplish what was demanded of me† (Moller 547). Moller later goes on to ultimately place blame on the fans by placing Rodriguez and other athletes on a pedestal, and viewing them in a god like manner by saying â€Å"What it really comes down to is that the reason Alex did steroids is you and me†(Moller 547). The writer argues that Rodriguez just wanted success wherever he went he wanted â€Å"To erase the memories of Mantle and DiMaggio and Berra† (Moller 548. ) Moller also discussed how we shouldn’t hate players who have gotten caught because the majority of the best athletes in baseball are users. â€Å"He’s just one of the gang† (Moller 551) Moller says about athletes who have gotten caught using steroids. Moller states â€Å"This game is all about getting an edge† (Moller 549) whether you’re taking illegal substances or your corking your bat everyone is trying to get the edge on their opponent. The author did not bring any outside sources or naysayers in his article that may have provided objections to his views. His article may have been more persuasive if he had maybe speculated on the negative side effects of steroid use as he did earlier in the article about his Ritalin use.

Discuss the way in which the following passage presents Paddy Clarkes :: English Literature

Discuss the way in which the following passage presents Paddy Clarke's response to the world in which he is growing up. How characterists of the whole novel are the techniques that Roddy Doyle employs in the passage? Throughout this passage, p53 - p55, you can identify that the author, Roddy Doyle uses several techniques in which to show how the world is developing around the young ten year old Paddy Clarke and how he responds to these changes. Doyle does this in numerous ways, initially and most importantly by what the young boy talks about. On page 53, the paragraph beginning with, 'Snails and Slugsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦' you can identify that Paddy Clarke is very young, you can easily distinguish this because of the topics he mentions and how he introduces them. This is evident in the opening paragraph. In this section he manages to talk about at least three dissimilar topics, this indicates that he cannot structure his speech probably. Doyle does this incredibly well because you can see that he is trying to state as many things as possible, signifying that he is still a young boy and maybe quite confused because of the events that are taking place around him, for instance the separation of his father and mother. So overall the opening paragraph is quite chaotic, for this to occur Doyle introduce several non - secquiters, meaning, when you go off at a tangent. 'Picked him up with a towel and gave him a decent burial. The real name for soccer was association football'. This takes place throughout. Secondly the topics he talks about are quite normal for a ten-year-old boy, they are almost quite simple subjects, slugs, football and Indians are all mentioned immediately. This is a very good technique implied by Doyle because it just shows how young he is. Doyle does is very effectively and he manages to keep this going throughout the novel, for instance when the lady farted, quite simple subjects that keep Paddy amused. Doyle's use of language is also extremely effective, it again indicates, how young the boy is and how he may seem quite confused following the events that are circulating his life. Overall the language is quite simple; 'a sad old woman' phrases like this emphasize that, but in some circumstances the language does become more structured, 'he was riding hunched down sideways on his horse so that others couldn't fire their arrows at him'. For a ten year old, this is quite a complex sentence; this may indicate that he could be rather serious and even sad because of his parents divorce. In my opinion I believe he likes to occupy himself in-order not to think

Harvard business school case Essay

1)Airborne’s performance from 1986-1997 can be described as dismal. Throughout the period the company managed to remain profitable every year, but they underperformed the McGahan averages. Airborne averaged 1.72% ROS (including 1997, which was an outlier for this set), 2.46% ROA, and 9.34% ROE. This was compared to the ROS, ROA, and ROE of 4.7%, 5.9%, and 12.6%, respectively. Airborne also had lower margins than its competitors, FedEx and UPS, so it can be inferred that Airborne’s performance is poor not just in general but also considering the industry. It should be noted that the industry leader, FedEx, could not consistently beat the averages either, so the industry is not earning large margins to begin with. However, UPS does consistently beat the averages, so Airborne should not be entirely excused due to its industry. The strategy seems to be low-cost, broad based. Based on Exhibits 1 and 8, it is obvious that Airborne is charging lower prices than the competition. This is only half of the low-cost strategy. It would at first appear that Airborne is simply charging lower prices, but has not developed a lower cost structure because its margins are so low. However, there is evidence to support a lower cost structure as well. First of all, it would be quite difficult to have a similar cost structure and even turn a profit if one looks at the FedEx comparison in Exhibit 1. This is not the only evidence of a low cost strategy. At first glance, it appears that Airborne may not have a lower cost structure because of the size of their Depreciation cost versus revenue. Because Depreciation was the only cost that was present in the Financial Results Exhibits for all three companies, it has to serve as the number for comparison. Versus revenue size, Airborne actually was much higher than UPS, and barely lowe r than FedEx. It is important to consider what the cost means though. Most likely, the depreciation costs are based on depreciation of the aircraft, the major asset purchases that these companies make. If the depreciation cost is divided by the number of planes in the fleet, then Airborne appears to be paying less per plane, this could be supported by the statement that they use planes from the 60s and 70s. It would seem that the cost structure is lower in this case. Also the case mentions that Airborne is able to fill its planes to a higher capacity, meaning less costs incurred per item because the flight cost is spread out  over more revenue generating packages. Also, Airborne does not invest in the technology that the others do, such as tracking, that would add to costs and also be the mark of differentiation. Airborne also uses the cheaper ground method over air to save money, another low cost method. Airborne does not engage in costly advertising campaigns. Airborne is definitely pursuing a low cost strategy, they just seem to be doing a poor job of it as far as earning similar margins. In terms of the broad versus narrow based, there may be an argument for Airborne positioning themselves for urban markets because the customers they serve tend to be in the major 50 areas of the US. The fact remains that Airborne does not specifically serve only these urban areas according to the case, so they would most likely serve any part of the country. They do seem to be focusing on domestic shipments because they do not operate their own aircraft on international shipments, but the still do have international shipments, lending more weight to the broad argument. 2)Substitution: this is a major threat. The specific service that Airborne provides is easy to find from competitors, not to mention that there is no proprietary characteristic of the Airborne service that would necessarily encourage a customer not to switch with the exception of price. Imitation: The threat of imitation is not as high. If a competitor were to imitate, they would have to develop a separate cost structure, and the Airborne way does not really fit into their business models. If a startup were to attempt to imitate, then there would be many costs that would be quite prohibitive. It would be expensive to buy all the planes, at over $5m each, the airport, and spend the money on getting customers. Hold Up: This threat appears to be quite low. The customers will most likely not ask for lower prices, and the company owns a lot of the planes and inputs. The only conceivable threat is from employees. Pilots typically have unions (the case does not mention a union of Airborne pilots), so they could use that union clout to ask for more money. The only clue to the likelihood of holdup was the employee description of â€Å"frugal† and â€Å"strait-laced†. These are not words that usually have positive connotations, so this could be a hint that employees are unhappy. Slack: Slack is harder to gauge than the others, but it appears that the threat is low. It appears that company is cutting costs in all areas where they can. This bare bones setup would definitely not be indicative of a management that could produce slack. They could conceivably get slack because they do not work as hard via advertising and promotion, so potential customers do not know about their price advantages. The only really pertinent piece of information I found was that the capacity was listed at 80%. That leaves extra capacity that they could be using, indicating slack. This observation is offset by the fact that this capacity is still higher than the competitors. All in all, there is more evidence to support a low threat of slack. 3)I think that Airborne should adopt a distance based pricing structure. While it may present a threat to the cost edge that they currently have over competition, it also could lead to higher revenues. The company already has a cost advantage, so it should be able to still outprice the competition. The distance based pricing model could let the company gain some of the revenue that they are missing. If the company uses more trucks anyway, over a larger distance, the cost savings should add up, and Airborne will still earn a profit. The only major threat that a pricing change presents is lost volume because of losing customers. However, customers are used to a distance based system, as it is the industry standard. Also, if they have the lower price compared to UPS and FedEx, the main selling point is still in place. I would not recommend this change only in the event that Airborne would cease to be the cost leader after adjustments, because that would destroy their edge and model. There is no evidence to indicate that this could be the case, so I stick by my recommendation. 4)The relationship with RPS looks like it can be quite valuable. I would have to say that I do recommend a change in terms of service offered, and that in turn could be a slight modification of strategy. I think that, with main competitors offering tracking and other information services, Airborne needs to offer some kind of tracking service as well. The tracking service might have moved from being a differentiated service that customers pay a premium  for into an industry standard. Part of the low cost strategy is at least giving the consumer what would be considered a typical service. If differentiation increases the willingness to pay, I think that not offering a key service that the customer expects could substantially decrease willingness to pay. Airborne should forge a stronger alliance with RPS and take advantage of the opportunities. If they can take market share away from UPS and offer a higher quality service, that should mean more revenues. Airborne is currently outpricing the competition substantially; in Exhibit 1 they have almost half the per package revenue of Federal Express, and in Exhibit 8 they charge almost 20% less per package. The extra service could justify a higher price but keep them in the low-cost position as there is plenty of room to raise prices. This should make a difference in terms of more revenue. I am unaware as to the elasticity of the price of shipping packages, but it would seem to me that, as long as they have the lowest price, the volume should not decline. Another reason to join forces with RPS is the large amount of ground shipments. This is where they get the higher margins, and RPS can increase the volume. It would seem that a company should jump at the opportunity to increase the volume of higher margin activity. There is little discussion as to the costs associated with the relationship, but it seems to be implied that Airborne does make money from the activities conducted together. This would mean looking a lot more like UPS than FedEx, and UPS is the only one of the three companies with acceptable performance indicators. All in all, I recommend that Airborne stay with a low-cost strategy, but they should use the relationship with RPS to get some more customers and raise their poor margins. As it stands the company is not doing well, and this could be what they need to finally get the company to earning a decent profit.

Great Teachers

The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. † Teachers – those dedicated people who educate, encourage, support, discipline and prepare us for the road ahead. They are the masters, the leaders. They are the artist that takes each class to a higher level. Their dedication has always resulted in producing something new. If I think about them humbly enough, they contribute to a great evolution, they are players in the great ocean. Teaching is deep. It's more than just imparting information. Anyone can do that.Google can do that. Wisped can do that. But great teachers do it differently. Great teachers have always understood that imagination is more important than knowledge. They go beyond the text book and have that intangible characteristic that can inspire students to do great things and become great people. Instead of just teaching major revolution in history, formulae in math,verses in English, maps in geography, laws in scie nce and Kevin in Hindi, they will make us think and force us to look at the world through the eyes of the people involved in a subject. They will challenge us to think radically and analytically.They share their insights and knowledge that allows us to explore the infinite amount of knowledge. They will engineer learning experiences that maneuver the students into the driver's seat and then the teachers get out of the way. Because they understand that students learn best by personally experiencing learning. And as the proverb goes â€Å"Teachers open the door. You enter by yourself. † One such great teacher I met was Namesakes Bradshaw, my Intermediate English teacher. She was no academic. She was not hot on action research, she had her own peculiar style or way of titivating her students.She taught the most important skills within the most important subject. She reminded us of the power of language and the delights of literature. She encouraged us to ask questions,for being prepared to argue your case, and doing so in a style that is powerfully appropriate. She relished the eccentrics in the class , the naughty ones as well as the paragons. The naughty one often only behaved for her ( I was among the naughty ones P). She had something individual to say to each student. She said when she was disappointed about something a student has done, but mostly she celebrated success.Her art of teaching was so compelling that I once broke down into tears in the middle of the class reading â€Å"A Doctors Journal Entry†. Personally, she had a powerful emotional impact on me. Used to walk out of her lessons feeling I can do things – can read better, write better, think better, learn better. Her purpose was basically the same as any good leader, to provide purpose, direction and motivation. She is simply a great teacher. I owe her a great deal – not least, my gratitude. She is more important than she'll ever realize. Thus a great teachers are the ones who are differentiated from the rest.They have the qualities of patience, kindness, resourcefulness, and open-mindedness. They listen , make their students feel secure and pushes them to succeed. A great teacher always has a sense of purpose, a positive attitude, a smile on her face and an encouraging word for her students. She explains that career choices and options are many. But your decision on career should be what you enjoy doing for the rest of your life. She motivates her students to chase their dreams and to always put their best foot forward. She will motivate and encourage to reach for the moon, so that if you miss it, you will tallest land among the stars.

Mining uranium in Canada Essay Example

Mining uranium in Canada Essay Example Mining uranium in Canada Essay Mining uranium in Canada Essay Introduction Uranium was foremost discovered in Canada in the mid eighteenth century on the north shore of Lake Superior in Ontario [ 1 ] . However, Canada s first economic U find was located at Great Bear Lake in Northwest Territories, exploited ab initio for its Ra content. Following, major finds were made on northern Saskatchewan and, more significantly, in the Blind River/Elliot Lake country of northern Ontario.Until the early 1980s, most of Canada s uranium production came from the Uranium City and Elliot Lake installations [ 2 ] . Following the closing of the Elliot lakes installation in 1996 due to economic instability in the uranium market and the find of higher per centum uranium oxide, all active uranium production is presently present in northern Saskatchewan, chiefly from McArthur River and McClean Lake ( Fig.1 ) [ 3 ] . Known by its high grade/high per centum of U and the Proterozoic unconformities in the Athabasca Basin as a significant beginning of uranium ores, Saskatchewan is now Canada s exclusive manufacturer of U. This paper provides an debut to the formation and geographic expedition of U in Canada, chiefly the northern Saskatchewan Athabasca basin followed by a drawn-out analysis of the techniques that are used for its extraction and processing. The first subdivision will supply background information about U and analyze the geological formation and types of the U deposits found throughout Canada, concentrating specifically in northern Saskatchewan. The following portion of the paper will analyze the extraction and processing of U from its ores which includes unfastened cavity and belowground excavation. Newly discovered extraction and enrichment engineerings will be besides discussed. The 3rd and concluding part of the study will include environmental concerns that surround the U industry followed by a decision about the importance of U to Canada s energy production and the possibility of minimising the long-run environmental impacts as a consequence of U excavation. Background Information What is uranium and why is it being mined? Uranium is one of the most widespread of all metals. Small parts of U can be found in land, ocean H2O and most normally in stones. It is a heavy radioactive component with an atomic figure of 92. Its two chiefly happening isotopes are U235 and U238. Merely isotope U235 is fissile by thermic neutrons. However, isotope U238 decays to isotope Pu239 called Pu which is more radioactive that uranium itself and can be besides used in atomic fission reactions. Uranium is found in certain minerals such as uraninite and uraninite as ores because it is easy oxidized to organize Uranium Oxide ( U3O8 ) . Little was known about the possible energy that uranium holds until it was shortly recognized that this energy could be harnessed to bring forth electric power and atomic arms. Canada, for illustration, generates an norm of 14 % of its electricity [ 4 ] from atomic reactors. The electricity is generated utilizing Canadian-built reactors called Candu, fuelled in big step by Canadian U. Therefore, the chief grounds behind the extraction of U, apart from atomic arms development, are the coevals of electricity to be less dependent on the usage of fossil fuels and to make a market where the Canadian economic system could profit from. Formation of the Uranium- Geology of Athabasca Deposit. Furthermore, the majority of Canada s known uranium resources occur in Proterozoic unconformity-related sedimentations of the Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan. These sedimentations host their mineralization near the unconformity boundary in either monometallic or polymetallic mineral groups. Pitchblende, one of the common minerals where U is present in, is found in the monometallic sedimentations whereas uraninite is found in the polymetallic sedimentations. The mean class of uranium scopes from 1 % to 15 % . [ 5 ] The Athabasca Basin, shown in figure 2, lies within the northern portion of the Saskatchewan Province ( Fig. 1 ) . The deposits have been deposited during Late Palaeo-proterozoic to Meso-proterozoic, at about 1.7Ga and are separated from the underlying cellar by a major unconformity [ 6 ] . The Athabasca Group is the major preserved unit of the basin located at its base and it is composed of midst, flat-lying sequences of quartzose sandstones deposited in a proximal shelf environment [ 7 ] . Unconformity-related U sedimentations are located near to the unconformity between an Archean to Palaeo-Proterozoic metamorphic and flinty cellar, and a Late Palaeo- to Meso-Proterozoic sandstones. [ 8 ] Such sedimentations have been discovered chiefly in the 1970s, in the Thelon and Athabasca Basins in Canada [ 9 ] . The Athabasca Basin as shown in figure 2 is the Prime Minister host for such unconformity-type sedimentations. The first uranium deposition phase occurred during a diagenesis event at a temperature of about 200-250 grades Celsius [ 10 ] . In this basin, sandstones host several medium to top-quality uraninite sedimentations such as the elephantine McArthur and Cigar Lake sedimentations as shown in figure 2 [ 11 ] . In add-on the sedimentations of the Athabasca Basin correspond to estimated militias of about 1,250,000 lbs of U3O8, matching to about 500,000 dozenss of metallic uranium [ 12 ] .Due to the highly high class of U, these sedimentations represent the most profitable uranium resources in the universe [ 13 ] . In the Athabasca Basin, unconformity-related U ore sedimentations are by and large located at the intersection of several mistake waies cross-cutting the unconformity, the chief ore-controlling construction being a graphite-rich shear zone shown in figure 3. The uranium ore sedimentations are besides often hosted and surrounded by breccias in the sandstone as shown in figure below. Exploration of Uranium Next, there are several types of geographic expedition that take topographic point on countries of involvement as portion U find. The first type is called Regional Exploration which consists of assemblage and rating of bing information and farther informations acquisition from land geophysical studies to dirty and H2O analysis [ 14 ] . This degree of geographic expedition efforts to sketch countries of uranium resource potency. The 2nd type is called Detailed land Exploration which includes boring, nucleus analysis and most significantly geochemical studies as it provides the concentration of uranium nowadays in the country of involvement [ 15 ] . The 3rd type of geographic expedition is used to measure the uranium recovery rate within the country of involvement [ 16 ] . It uses systematic boring and sampling of surface/underground ores of U in order to find the recovery rate. Extraction and Processing of Uranium Furthermore, while U is in many ways similar to other extractive industries, in certain of import respects it is different. Economically it differs in footings of value and direct income generated by its production [ 17 ] . Uranium is so a really high value metal and accordingly outputs really high incomes and grosss. [ 18 ] Uranium excavation methods are typical to other types of ore excavation which includes unfastened cavity and resistance. Northern Saskatchewan contains some of the universe s richest sedimentations of U. The ore is mined belowground or in unfastened cavities, depending on the deepness of the sedimentation. Open Pit Mining Open cavity excavation occurs where sedimentations are near the surface and have a significant horizontal dimension which is found largely in the Athabasca basin of northern Saskatchewan. Next, unfastened cavity excavation is much easier than belowground excavation. However, it occupies more surface country than belowground excavation. It can typically widen for 300-400 estates and involves blaring and lading onto heavy machinery trucks that transport the U ore to the factory. [ 19 ] Open cavity mines at Cluff Lake, Key Lake and Rabbit Lake infusion ore from really rich, shallow ore sedimentations. First it must be decided if H2O in sandstone must be removed by boring drainage Wellss. Pumping to maintain H2O degrees below the ore zone may hold to go on throughout the operation. The dirt and stone overburden must be removed by mechanical shovels and immense trucks. These same shovels dig out the ore by cutting down in annular benches, organizing a broad funnel-shaped digging [ 20 ] . The ore is removed by truck to the milling works. Mined-out cavities are often lined and used to hive away shadowings. Underground excavation Underground mines are favored when the deepness and physical dimension of the U sedimentations are ill-sorted for unfastened cavity excavation. A good illustration of an belowground mine would be in the Elliot Lake part in northern Ontario and McArthur River in Saskatchewan. The sedimentations at McArthur River are so rich that unmanned equipment and remote excavation methods must be used to protect employees from high degrees of radiation underground [ 21 ] . Typical underground mining operations include such installations as service edifices, a caput frame with lading installation, conveyers, a mine waste heap and a flow of H2O from the belowground sumps pumped to the surface for usage in the factory and concentrator [ 22 ] . The country occupied by the mine above the land may be merely few estates but extends to many stat mis of belowground gaps. Following, both belowground and unfastened cavity mining involves the burden of refinable and fringy U ores and the disposal of big measures of overburden and waste stone. Another new method of extraction that minimizes the burden and disposal procedure of stones is called unmoved leaching. It is done by taking the U from the ores while injected in drill holes or ore hemorrhoids above the land. This method is merely acceptable where U is present in sandstones. In situ leaching is non really practical as most of the U in Canada does non happen in porous mineralization. Other types of remote underground mining include raise-boring, box-hole drilling and remote box-hole fillet. [ 23 ] In decision, mineable ore is by and large 75 % -85 % of ore-in-place for belowground operations and higher for unfastened cavity operations [ 24 ] . Processing/ Enrichment of Uranium Uranium milling operations are similar to chemical extractive procedures such as the bitumen from oil littorals or Fe from Fe oxide ores. A U factory consists of oppressing machinery, having bins and a chemical intervention installation. The ore is crushed into little pieces to let easier and faster fade outing rate of uranium minerals as chemicals are being applied inside the chamber. Furthermore, the solid/liquid solution gets separated and the U is chemically recovered from the liquid solution as a precipitate. This precipitate undergoes powder until it turns into a all right pulverization known as the U308 [ 25 ] . On the other manus, the solid solution, known as U shadowings which consist of unwanted stuff, is so put in slurry of finely land solids which are transferred to a shadowings pool for settling [ 26 ] . This is the end merchandise of the milling done at the Millss in northern Saskatchewan. Today segregation of the byproducts ( shadowings ) of excavation and milling is extremely regulated, and must be done in an environmentally responsible mode. [ 27 ] Further, there are other uranium compounds present in U308 that must be removed at a refinery in a series of chemical separation processes. Initially the Canadian refinery was located at Port Hope, nevertheless, all uranium refinement in Canada was moved to Blind River in 1983 due to environmental jobs caused by the accrued refinery shadowings [ 28 ] . Polishing consists of several stairss get downing with fade outing the U308 in azotic acid to organize a solution incorporating uranyl nitrate. This solution is purified and the uranyl nitrate is eventually reduced to organize uranium trioxide ( UO3 ) . This is the end merchandise of the refinement procedure, which is so shipped to Port Hope for farther processing. Conversion is the procedure of change overing the uranium trioxide from the refinery into uranium dioxide, UO2, for usage in natural U reactor fuel and into uranium hexafluoride, UF6, for enriched fuel. These stairss are performed at Port Hope, the topographic point of the l argest uranium transition workss in the universe. [ 29 ] Uranium Enrichment The aim of uranium enrichment is to bring forth fuels with an increased proportion of U235. Get downing with natural U ( 0.7 % U235 ) one can pattern enrichment procedures in footings of the concluding grade of enrichment and the sum of U235 in the dress suits ( the residuary U, depleted in U235 ) [ 30 ] . For a procedure of given efficiency, the higher the needed enrichment ( % of U235 in the merchandise ) the more natural U is required for a fixed per centum of U235 left in the dress suits [ 31 ] . Similarly, higher enrichment per centums for a fixed sum of natural U and dress suits mean more energy must be expended in the separation procedure. Multiple phases with changing enrichment values for the input and end product watercourses must besides be taken into history [ 32 ] . A measure called the Separative Work Unit ( SWU ) is used as a step of the energy used in enrichment given the multitudes and U235 contents of the provender, merchandise, and dress suits. [ 33 ] The dim ension of the SWU is mass and therefore, it is more right expressed as kg-SWU or tonne-SWU. [ 34 ] Present uranium enrichment methods exploit the little mass difference between U235 and U238 in the signifier of UF6. The engineerings now in practical usage are gaseous diffusion and centrifuge separation. Laser separation is one of the newer engineerings that are being practiced. Gaseous diffusion is the older engineering and the first to go economically successful. It depends on the fact that in a gas of given temperature the lighter molecules of U235, travel faster than the heavier 1s incorporating U238. If a gas flows past a porous membrane that allows diffusion of molecules through it so gas on the other side of the membrane will be somewhat enriched in the igniter molecule. The really little enrichment at each phase means that a sequence of 1000s of such phases, jointly called a cascade, must be used to accomplish U235 enrichment degrees of practical involvement for atomic power coevals. The gas force per unit area must be brought back up after each phase to retrieve the force per unit area loss across the membrane. The compaction used heats the gas which is so cooled. The net consequence is that big sums of electricity are used to pump, compress and chill the gas. Gas extractor engineering, the 2nd coevals enrichment method, was developed in the 1960s and since so has been replacing gaseous diffusion [ 35 ] . The physical rule involved is to whirl uranium hexafluoride in a high velocity extractor, with the consequence that the centrifugal force exerted favours the resettlement of the heavier molecules to the outer radii of the extractor. An axial circulation between the top and underside of the extractor makes it possible to pull off a somewhat enriched fraction at the top of the extractor and a correspondingly depleted fraction at its underside. A important advantage of this engineering is that it is much more efficient in its usage of electricity than gas diffusion. Third coevals enrichment engineering is based on optical maser isotope separation and a assortment of such techniques have been proposed. These rely on the fact that the energy degrees in atoms and molecules vary somewhat with mass, a phenomenon known as the isotope consequence. [ 36 ] Lasers can be accurately tuned to a frequence that selectively excites an energy degree of an atom or molecule containing, for illustration U235, but non one incorporating U238. For case, excitement of one or more such energy degrees can ensue ionisation of one of the isotope-containing species but non the other, leting electromagnetic separation. The SILEX ( Separation of Isotopes by Laser Excitation ) procedure was developed in recent old ages in Australia [ 37 ] . It relies on selective excitement to take a fluorine atom from UF6 to change over it to UF5 to organize a solid. Environmental Risks and Impacts of Uranium But why would a automaton be picking an apple in the first topographic point? Automatons are frequently used in the atomic industry because of the menace to worlds from direct exposure to atomic fuel or waste. Robots may hold to be used to mine the high class U at the proposed Cigar Lake belowground U mine. In the universe of spread outing atomic energy, radiation would necessarily go on to come in into the Earth s ecosystem from the uranium shadowings left at the mines and the atomic releases and the waste from the reactors. The in writing can hence be interpreted as demonstrating that, in such nuclearlized universe, an apple ( typifying the nutrient concatenation ) might go so contaminated that worlds would non be able to safely pick or eat it [ 38 ] Environmentally and socially, uranium excavation is perceived otherwise from other energy industries because of the of import wellness and safety concerns that appear due to the extraction and processing of U. [ 39 ] Extraction of U from its ore below the surface is inherently harmful to our environment because of the very nature of the component and because of the high class of ore mined in Saskatchewan. The greatest hazards of U excavation to the environment are taint of lakes with dissolved radioactive stuffs, ruinous failures of shadowings containment and the pollution of surface and land H2O by chemical pollutants in shadowings, notably heavy metals, acids, ammonium hydroxide and salts. In the short term, chemical pollution has caused by far the most harm. Whole groups of beings have disappeared downstream from some old uranium shadowings countries because of acidification. Unless the shadowings are decently disposed of, these jeopardies can go really damaging to planet Earth if it enters the nutrient concatenation. Next, a complex containment system was late developed for the long-run storage of a big volume of uranium shadowings in the Elliot Lake part of Ontario. Figure 4 illustrates the many degrees of H2O screen separated by butchs and dikes. The H2O helps to forestall the flight of Rn gas into the ambiance. Radon has a four twenty-four hours half life, intending that half of the Rn atoms will disintegrate in four yearss [ 40 ] . The decay merchandises of Rn are solid stuffs, including three assortments of Po. If radon flights into the air from the chasing heap, lead-210 and polonium-210 will be deposited on the flora and will happen its manner into the nutrient concatenation. The different H2O degrees besides allow for solid radioactive stuffs such as Ra to be precipitated out, intending that these solids will roll up at the underside of each pool and will non go through into the following degree of H2O lower down, because of the presence of the butch. In 1979, a new shadowings dike built with the latest engineering all of a sudden collapsed in Churchrock, New Mexico [ 41 ] .The ensuing spill was the greatest inadvertent release of radioactive stuff into the environment prior to the Chernobyl atomic catastrophe. At modern mines in Canada, the short-run environmental impacts are frequently caused by non-radioactive parametric quantities. For illustration, increased degrees of salts may hold caused a displacement in species downstream of one U mine in Saskatchewan. Construction, geographic expedition and route edifice in countries antecedently untouched by industrial activity frequently cause the most terrible short-run impacts. Furthermore, in an enrichment works with lone natural U as input, the lone radioactive stuffs present are those already contained in the provender. No other radioactive stuffs are produced as they would be in a atomic reactor. The dress suits, like the natural U, are merely mildly radioactive and are stored as low UF6, which must be converted for disposal. The chief environmental concerns are chemical wastes caused by the refinement of U. UF6 reacts with H2O to organize extremely caustic hydrofluoric acid, and hint sums of arsenous anhydride and other heavy metals besides need to be controlled. Therefore chemical toxicity instead than radiation is the primary concern, and the safety systems are similar to those used in other chemical workss. For illustration, the environmental impact survey for the National Enrichment Facility in Lea County, New Mexico, found the environment impacts in all countries are at most moderate in a few countries such as transit during building and UF6 waste cylinder disposal [ 42 ] . This undertaking was approved and is now under building [ 43 ] . In July, 2008 a uranium waste leak at Tricastin in France, resulted in 6 three-dimensional metres of H2O incorporating U to be spilled into two local rivers [ 44 ] . Tricastin is the site of France s largest gaseous diffusion works, but it besides has four power reactors that supply electricity to the enrichment works. Port Hope has had jobs with uranium operations for many decennaries [ 45 ] . It has an estimate of 2 million three-dimensional metres of historic refinery wastes assorted with dirt dating from the 1930s to the 1970s [ 46 ] . In add-on, a new undertaking regulated in port hope aims to build waste direction installations for redress of the waste sites, and supply long-run monitoring and care of the installations. Escape from the big UF6 transition installation at Port Hope was found in 2007 [ 47 ] . Uranium, arsenic and some fluorine compounds had been leaking into the dirt under the works, since the start of the refinery. Contamination of the seaport may besides hold occurred from contaminated groundwater fluxing under the works. Extensive redress was undertaken and the works was re-opened in September 2008 [ 48 ] . Finally, important nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations are frequently attributed to atomic power because of the big sums of electricity used gaseous diffusion works which is being generated from coal. A Canadian enrichment works is most likely to be located in Ontario and Saskatchewan due the high favourable sum of atomic reactors. In 2005 Environment Canada calculated CO2 tantamount emanations per kWh of electricity for each state by burdening the emanation per-unit-energy for each coevals engineering by the per centum usage of that engineering in electricity production [ 49 ] . Saskatchewan electricity is produced chiefly from coal and gas and the emanation per kWh is 880g. [ 50 ] Ontario generates about 75 per centum of its electricity from atomic and hydro, and the mean emanation per kWh is 220g. Entire one-year emanations from a Capenhurst-type enrichment works of 1 M kg-SWU size would therefore be about 11,000 metric tons of CO2 for Ontario and four times that for Saskatchewan [ 51 ] . This is a comparatively little sum compared to the 34 M metric tons emitted by the Ontario electricity coevals system as a whole [ 52 ] . As CO2 emanations from all provincial electricity coevals systems are expected to diminish in the hereafter. Decision The building of the refinery and the development of atomic energy is a moral inquiry because it concerns life and decease on this planet. It is non merely a proficient affair refering economic sciences and energy beginnings. The lives of people everywhere are affected by uranium refineries, atomic reactors and atomic arms. Therefore the determinations must be made by all of these people, non by alleged experts. [ 53 ] Is Uranium needed? Uranium is an of import sector of Canada s chief natural resources. Canada s uranium production in 2007 was 11,180 metric tons of uranium oxide of which 9,476 metric tons was uranium metal. This is about 23 per centum of universe end product. About 9 per centum of the universe s U ore militias are present within the Athabasca basin of northern Saskatchewan in Canada. It presently has 22 CANDU reactors operated by public public-service corporations and private companies bring forthing on mean 14 % of the entire electricity. Exploration is still on-going and future mines are being proposed and will shortly come to production such as the Cigar Lake, Midwest Lake and the Millennium basin ( fig ) . This is really advantageous as it greatly expands the Canadian economic system and decreases the ingestion of fossil fuels, therefore deceases C dioxide emissions into the ambiance. However, the waste merchandises that are being produced from the extraction to the use in atomic reactors of U su ch as Pu and low U are so really harmful to the environment. That s why many people believe that the long-run danger to the planet caused by the spread of atomic engineering is greater than any benefit that U has to offer. Therefore, minimising the long term environmental impact of U is a really good proposal for the safeness of the environment/ecosystem and the human wellness. In decision, this could be done by enforcing rigorous environmental regulations where U ore is shipped off from the mine site. The extraction of U should be so taken to a distant topographic point where it wo nt impact the surrounding environment. Finally, if the factory is near to the operated mine, so the radiological jeopardy of the shadowings should besides be collected and treated in order to do it less harmful to the environment by minimising the radiation of the half life. Mentions Books: Holman, G.J. ( 1982 ) . Impacts if Canada s Uranium Mining Industry. Calgary, Alberta. Canadaian Energy Research Institute, 1-6pp OECD. ( 2004 ) . Uranium 2003: Resources, Production and Demand. Moulineaux, France. International Atomic Energy Agency, 97-100pp Harding, J. ( 2006 ) . Canada s Deadly Secret. Saskatchewan U and the planetary atomic system, Fernwood Publishing, Halifax and Winnipeg, Alberta. 118pp Bodansky, D ( 2000 ) . Nuclear Energy: Principles, Practices and Prospects, 2nd edition. New York: Springer. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 201-204pp Lamarsh, John R. and Baratta, Anthony, J. ( 2001 ) .Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3rd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 176-190pp Internet: Veslud, C ( 2007 ) . 3D mold of uranium-bearing solution-collapse breccias in Proterozoic sandstones ( Athabasca Basin, Canada ) Metallogenic readings. Computers and Geosciences. Quebec, Canada, 97-98pp Jefferson, C ( 2002 ) . Unconformity-associated uranium sedimentations of the Athabasca basin, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Geological study of Canada. Ottawa Canada. 273-274pp Leewuwen, J ( 2006 ) . Energy from Uranium. Oxford Research Group, Storm and Smith 2005. Oxford United Kingdom 20-22pp

Mind Your -eds

Mind Your -eds Mind Your -eds Mind Your -eds By Maeve Maddox The English verb ending -ed is a curious construction. Although always spelled -ed, it has three different pronunciations. Two of them can lead to misspellings: /ed/ as in faded /d/ as in turned /t/ as in wrecked The suffix -ed is the sign of the past tense. That is, most English verbs form their past tenses by adding -ed. For example, walk/walked, love/loved, sneeze/sneezed. The same ending marks the simple past tense and the perfect: Yesterday I walked. I have walked for hours. In earlier periods, English verbs presented more variety in the way they formed the simple past and the past participle. A few of the older forms survive in what the grammar books call irregular verbs. These verbs do not form their past tenses by adding -ed: sing sang (have) sung give gave (have) given write wrote (have) written These irregular verbs are sometimes called strong verbs. Once very numerous in English, only a few survivefewer than 70. Many of them, like help, became ed verbs long ago so we no longer say holp or holpen. Some of the survivors, like wake and dive, are in the process of changing and the old and new forms are both in use: He woke the baby. or He waked the baby. He dove from the top board. or He dived into the pool. One changing form that makes me sad is slayed for slew. The characters on Buffy the Vampire Slayer made the -ed form current. My view is that slay is an old-fashioned word that deserves old-fashioned past forms. If I ever slay a vampire, I will say that I have slain it, and I want the reporters to say that I slew it. And speaking of old-fashioned, dont commit the error of leaving off the -ed when it is called for. Dont write old-fashion girl for old-fashioned girl, or I was suppose to go home early for I was supposed to go home early. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Possessive ApostropheTrooper or Trouper?

Discussion on C.P.Ellis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion on C.P.Ellis - Essay Example Later on in the passage, C.P realized that, people are not made up of their color and was even ready to work with a black woman (Lecture notes 8). This passage makes an individual to look at the factors that made him join the Ku Klux Klan. It also makes individuals understand why others have prejudice or become racist against other of people. This passage makes one understand that, the main causes of prejudices are psychological, and these includes frustration, low self-esteem, and a societal cause such as financial competition. These factors provide an explanation C.P. Ellis’ racial behavior. From these few descriptions, I agree with the C.P. Ellis, and the question that comes into my mind is that, why is racism and prejudices so persistent yet researchers know their roots? It is also ironical that Ellis’ wish for success not only directed him to Klansman but also molded him. Furthermore while in the group he discovered that the African people where ordinary people (596). Furthermore, the society also had white people from low-income group just like the black low-income people. The story provides a description of how he works with Ann on the assigned project. From the teamwork, Ellis’ discovered that he was doing something very important. Through his work, he got rid of inferiority complex. It is clear from the passage that inferiority complex can affect an individual’s self-esteem (596). It can either incite someone to have prejudices, or make someone not to have prejudices. Ellis’ frustrations were because of his poverty and he was not in a position to get out of the low c lass group of people, so he thought that by joining the Klansmen he would achieve the American dream. In fact, from the story we are told he even blames the black niggers for his economic situation. He says that If they did not have negroes in their schools, then they would not be having financial problems (596). He also adds

David irving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

David irving - Essay Example His main action scene is in America. According to him, the happenings in the concentration camps have been exaggerated. Whatever are the cruel actions of Adolph Hitler, he is a great European and a morally decent individual. Irving has a friend in Richard Williamson, the Holocaust-denying bishop of the Society of Saint Pius X, and he has written to Irving to let him know the â€Å"the objective truth about what happened in Auschwitz and other concentration camps.† In response, Irving provided a summary of his views on the killings of Jews during World War II, asserting that Auschwitz has been â€Å"hyped† and that it had no gas chambers, but that mass killings of Jews did occur at other camps.†(www.adl.org) Now this is an important observation and I think, all those who are interested in researching the reality about the holocaust, must welcome his investigative spirit. Irving takes serious exception to the actions of Allied Forces, in his book â€Å"The Destruction of Dresden†, wherein many thousands of German civilians are killed. His question is, is this not holocaust? I agree with his view point. He has also provided studied explanations about the weak leadership of Hitler as for the internal administration of Germany. His assertion that Hitter personally is not aware of the concentration camps operating in occupied German territory is worth detailed investigation and research by the